My Notebook

The World's 14 Highest Mountain Peaks (above 8,000 meters)

See Named Summits in the U.S. Over 14,000 Feet Above Sea Level for U.S. Peaks.

See also Climbing the World's 14 8,000-meter Peaks, The Seven Summits, Mortals on Mount Olympus: A History of Climbing Everest, and the Everest Almanac.

All 14 of the world's 8,000-meter peaks are located in the Himalaya or the Karakoram ranges in Asia. According to Everestnews.com, only 13 climbers have reached the summits of all 14: Reinhold Messner (Italy) was first, followed by Jerzy Kukuczka (Poland), Ehardt Loretan (Switzerland), Carlos Carsolio (Mexico), Krzysztof Wielicki (Poland), Juan Oiarzabal (Spain), Sergio Martini (Italy), Park Young Seok (Korea), Hang-Gil Um (Korea), Alberto Inurrategui (Spain), Han Wang Yong (Korea), Ed Viesturs (U.S.), and Alan Hinkes (British).

Mountain	Location	Height	First to summit (nationality)	Date
Meters	Feet
1. Everest1	Nepal/Tibet	8,850	29,035	Edmund Hillary (New Zealander, UK), Tenzing Norgay (Nepalese)	May 29, 1953
2. K2 (Godwin Austen)	Pakistan/China	8,611	28,250	A. Compagnoni, L. Lacedelli (Italian)	July 31, 1954
3. Kangchenjunga	Nepal/India	8,586	28,169	G. Band, J. Brown, N. Hardie, S. Streather (UK)	May 25, 1955
4. Lhotse	Nepal/Tibet	8,516	27,940	F. Luchsinger, E. Reiss (Swiss)	May 18, 1956
5. Makalu	Nepal/Tibet	8,463	27,766	J. Couzy, L. Terray, J. Franco, G. Magnone-Gialtsen, J. Bouier, S. Coupé, P. Leroux, A. Vialatte (French)	May 15, 1955
6. Cho Oyu	Nepal/Tibet	8,201	26,906	H. Tichy, S. Jöchler (Austrian), Pasang Dawa Lama (Nepalese)	Oct. 19, 1954
7. Dhaulagiri	Nepal	8,167	26,795	A. Schelbert, E. Forrer, K. Diemberger, P. Diener (Swiss), Nyima Dorji, Nawang Dorji (Nepalese)	May 13, 1960
8. Manaslu	Nepal	8,163	26,781	T. Imamishi, K. Kato, M. Higeta, (Japanese) G. Norbu (Nepalese)	May 9, 1956
9. Nanga Parbat	Pakistan	8,125	26,660	Hermann Buhl (Austrian)	July 3, 1953
10. Annapurna	Nepal	8,091	26,545	M. Herzog, L. Lachenal (French)	June 3, 1950
11. Gasherbrum I	Pakistan/China	8,068	26,470	P. K. Schoeing, A. J. Kauffman	July 4, 1958
12. Broad Peak	Pakistan/China	8,047	26,400	M. Schmuck, F. Wintersteller, K. Diemberger, H. Buhl (Austrian)	June 9, 1957
13. Gasherbrum II	Pakistan/China	8,035	26,360	F. Moravec, S. Larch, H. Willenpart (Austrian)	July 7, 1956
14. Shisha Pangma	Tibet	8,013	26,289	Hsu Ching and team of 9 (Chinese)	May 2, 1964

1. The 1955 elevation of Everest, 29,028 ft. (8,848 m), was revised on Nov. 11, 1999, and now stands at 29,035 ft. (8,850 m).

念青唐古拉山，藏语意为“灵应草原神”，位于拉萨以北100公里处，屹立在西藏高原中部，自西向东约600公里，它是雅鲁藏布江和怒江两条大水系的分水岭，同时将西藏自治区分为藏北、藏南、藏东南三大地域。山顶最高处海拔7117米，终年白雪皑皑，云雾缭绕，雷电交加，神秘莫测。山势笔直，险要壮观。主峰顶部形似鹰嘴，多断岩峭壁。白天云雾缭绕，常年为冰雪覆盖。它有三条主要山脊：西山脊、东山脊和南山脊。北坡附近，主要以横向的山谷冰川和悬冰川为主，悬冰川冰舌末端往往高达5700米。念青唐古拉山在宗教上是全藏著名的护法神，也是北部草原众神山的主神。本教和佛教信徒都敬奉此山。念青唐古拉山和纳木错是西藏最引人注目的神山圣湖，成为世界屋脊上最大的宗教圣地和旅游景观。

A multitude of enormous mountain ranges stretch on the Plateau including the Himalayas in the southwest, the Kunlun Mountains in the north, the Karakorum Mountains in the northwest, the Hengduan Mountains in the southeast, and the Danggula Mountains, the Gandise Mountains as well as the Nyainqentanglha Mountains in the middle. These towering mountain ranges form the geomorphologic framework of Tibet and are the development center of both ancient and modern glaciers. Glaciers are widely dispersed over mountains that are over 5,000 meters high and covered with snow all the year round, which is a grand spectacle. Besides many secondary mountain chains, between these above-mentioned lofty mountain systems are mainly basins, highlands and wide ravines such as the North Tibet Plateau and the South Tibet Valley in the south. The deeply-cut Hengduan Mountains in the southeast with parallel hills and gorges running hem north to south are the transitional region from the Plateau to the Sichuan Basin and Yunnan-Guizhou Highland.

The Himalayas Mountain System Stretching on the southern margin of Tibet Autonomous Region in China, the towering Himalayas mountain range, which is about 2,400 kilometers long and 200 to 300 kilometers wide and whose elevation averages 6,200 meters, is the highest and youngest mountain system on the earth. The word "Himalayas" comes from Sanskrit with "Hima" meaning snow and "Layas" meaning residence or hometown. Thus its original meaning is the hometown of snow. Stretching roughly from east to west, the mountain chain looks like an arc curving southward, with Mt. Kangchenjunga at 8,585 meters as the salient. Geologically speaking, the existence of the Himalayas has an extremely significant influence on the geomorphologic contour of the whole Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and even of Asia. The Himalayas mountain system comprising many parallel mountain chains is divided into the Greater Himalayas, Lesser Himalayas and foothills from north to south. As the main body of the entire mountain system, the Greater Himalayas that is 50 to 90 kilometers wide is mainly located at the boundary between China and its southern neighboring countries. The Greater Himalayas is habitually divided into three parts: the east Himalayas between Namjagbarwa and Chomolhali Peak in Yadong, middle Himalayas between Chomolhali and Namonanyi peaks (in Burang), and west Himalayas between Namonanyi and Namgyia Palbate peaks in the west. Snow-capped mountains stand in great numbers on the middle Himalayas that is the highest part of the whole Himalayas mountain system. There are more than 40 mountains over 7,000 meters high and many mountain peaks over 8,000 meters high including Mt. Qomolangmo (8,848 meters), Lozi Peak (8,5l6 meters), Markalu Peak (8,463 meters), Qowowuyag Peak (8,20l meters) and Xixiabangma (8,0l2 meters), all of which are at or within China's boundary. The dissymmetrical topography of the Himalayas mountain system from north to south is mainly caused by the rising southern side of the Himalayas during the course of the drastic uplift of the Plateau. On the sheer southern side of the Himalayas mountain system a majestic slope has been formed from the mountain downward to the Gangetic Plain with a sharp drop of around 6,000 meters. Due to abundant rainfall as well as the consequent strong erosion of the torrents, many deeply cut gorges are usually formed in the trunk stream. In most cases, valleys of branches with weak downward erosion take the form of hanging valleys halfway up the mountain with a drop of tens of meters. Spectacular waterfalls or cascades can be seen in these hanging valleys. The northern side of the Himalayas mountain system is relatively smooth, descending as stairs to the highlands and lake basins at the foot of the mountain range with a drop of only 1,500 meters or so. Accumulative topography is developed in broad and level valleys formed by streams with weak erosion on the northern side of the mountain system where rainfall is little and the erosive datum plane is quite high. Conditioned by the geological structure, the Himalayas mountain chain is transversely cut by many rivers rising on the northern side, shaping up deep and great canyons in which rushing currents are like waterfalls. Both the well-known Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon at the eastern end of the Himalayas mountain range and the Xiangquan Ravine in the upper reaches of the Indus River are good examples. The Gandise-Nyainqentanglha Mountain System The Gandise-Nyainqentanglha mountain system between the Shiquan River in the west and the Boshula range in the Hengduan mountainous area in the east looks like an arc chain stretching continuously from east to west, which is about l, 600 kilometers long and 80 kilometers wide from north to south. Its elevation averages 5,800 to 6000 meters. The two ends of this mountain chain are relatively high with the middle sector more or less low The southern side is very precipitous with a relative altitude of around 2,000 meters, while the terrain on the northern side is quite level with a relative altitude of l,000 meters or so. The word "Gandise" stems from Tibetan and Sanskrit, meaning "snowy mountain." The Gandise-Nyainqentanglha mountain system is marked by widely distributed extremely high mountains. Except for Norbogangri (7,095 meters), Kangrinboqe (6,638 meters) - the highest peak of the Gandise Mountains, and Mt. Nyainqentanglha (7, 162 meters) – the highest peak of the Nyainqentanglha Mountains, there are not many mountain peaks with elevations of over 6,500 meters here. Nevertheless, as far as the whole mountain body is concerned, the topography comprising large numbers of mountains over 5,500 meters high looks more complete than that of the Himalayas. This is related to its location in the interior of the Plateau. In other words, the Gandise-Nyainqentanglha is a colossal mountain system in the world where extremely high mountains are relatively concentrated. Located in the middle and south of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Gandise-Nyainqentanglha mountain system is an important geographical boundary. Its main body is the watershed between the inland rivers and outflowing rivers on the Plateau. On the southern side of the mountain system are the Shiquan River in the upper reaches of the Indus River and the Yarlung Zangbo river system. Most streams on the northern side that are much smaller in terms of their development empty into the lakes on the North Tibet Plateau. There is snow-covering over large areas in the eastern sector of the Nyainqentanglha Mountains - one of the developmental centers of modern glaciers on the Plateau-where the longest modem marine glacier in China lies. Modern glaciers on the Gandise Mountains in the west are poorly developed, such as the glacier on Kangrinboqe that is only 4,000 meters long. The Karakorum-Danggula Mountain System The Karakorum-Danggula mountain system comprising many parallel mountain ranges extends from east to west. Its altitude averages 5,000 to 6,000 meters. The Karakorum Mountains are part of the so-called Congling Range described in ancient Chinese books. There are three mountains with elevations of over 8,000 meters here, including the famous world's second highest peak-Mt. Chogori (i.e. Mt. Godwin Austen, 8,611 meters high), all of which stand at China's boundary The relatively complete western body of the Karakorum Mountains with ample rainfall is one of the distribution centers of modem glaciers on the Plateau where glaciation is very well developed. The eastern mountain body with gentle slopes is somewhat broken. Both the scope and the intensity of glaciation are much smaller here. The Danggula Mountains that are l60 kilometers wide from north to south are composed of many broad mountains. The Greater Danggula Mountains, the main body, stand lofty and steep with cone-shaped peaks. Mt. Geladaindong, the highest peak with an elevation of 6,62l meters, is the source of the Yangtze River. The Danggula Mountains are also the watershed between the Yangtze and Nujiang River (or Salween River). The total area of modem glaciers in the entire mountain range reaches 2,082 km2. The Kunlun Mountain System The endless Kunlun mountain chain meandering between the Pamirs in the west and northwest Sichuan in the east is the boundary mountain between Tibet Autonomous Region and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, which is 2,500 kilometers long. Due to its colossal height and length, the Kunlun Mountains traversing Central Asia have long been known as the "Backbone of Asia." The western Kunlun mountainous region that is l50 kilometers wide and with an average altitude of some 6,000 meters is higher than the Tarim Basin by 4,000 to 5,000 meters. Cut by tributaries of the Tarim River, valleys in the western Kunlun mountainous region usually take the form of gorges, while wide ravines and basins parallel to the mountain ranges are situated up stream. The western Kunlun Mountains with ample rainfall are called the "Wet Island in the Desert." Main peaks include Mt. Gonggar (7,7l9 meters), Mt. Muztagata (7,546 meters) and Mt Muz (6,638 meters) where modern glaciers are developed. Melting glacial water converges into rivers, which are the precious source of water supply to oases in the Tarim Basin. Stretches of woods can be seen around the gorges whose elevations are from 3,200 to 3,700 meters. Glaciation is diminishing eastward markedly while glacial fringe topography is becoming widespread. The eastern Kunlun Mountains are beyond Tibet Autonomous Region. Following the southern margin of the Qaidam Basin and then turning southeast, the eastern Kunlun Mountains are divided from north to south into three branches. The northern branch is composed of the Qimantage Mountains; the middle branch comprises Alge Mountains that extend eastward into Bokarlaiketage, Bolhanboda and Nganimaqen Mountains (i.e. Stone Piling Mountains); the southern branch includes the Hoh Xil and Bayankela Mountains. Maqengangri Peak, the highest peak of the Nganimaqen, rises 6,289 meters above sea level. Mozetage, the highest peak of the eastern Kunlun mountain range, is 6,973 meters high. The word "Bayankela" stems from Mongolian, meaning "green and gorgeous mountains." It is translated as "Mobilichiba" in Tibetan, meaning "the boundary between the Yellow River and the Tongtian River."

lthough golf has been played for centuries throughout the world, the sport is still relatively new in China. China’s first golf club was established in 1984 and over the past 23 years, has expanded into over 300 golf courses and millions of people who now play the game. As China’s development continues to expand in the 21st century, golf’s popularity will increase as more and more Chinese begin to play a game that was once reserved only for society’s elite.

Nowhere is the popularity of golf more evident than in China’s largest city, Shanghai. With over 25 golf courses and numerous driving ranges, Shanghai has become one of China’s leading destinations to enjoy the game. The international golf scene in Shanghai has exploded in recent years and now hosts a variety of international golf tournaments bringing the best players in the world to Shanghai. The annual HSBC Champions and BMW Asian Open are two of Asia’s largest tournaments and are conducted annually in Shanghai.

8000 meters

There are 14 mountain peaks over 8000 meters in the world. All them are on Himalaya and Karakoram ranges, among which the highest summit being Mt. Everest and then K2.

Why 8000 meters?


In 1875 two Italian rode hot air balloon and when it rose to 8000 meters high, one of them got killed for lack of oxygen. For the level of oxygen will reduce to only 1/3 of sea level, this is the reason why 8000 is defined the line of death.


Mt. Everest’s new height is 8844.43. It was first climbed by New Zealand Sir Hilary.



K2, the second highest, was named so by British map maker in 1856 on the summits of Karakoram ranges in formerly British India. Now lying on the border between China and Pakistan, it remains one of the most difficult for climbers with it ratio of death as high as 30, only next to Annapurna in Nepal with its ratio 51%.


For all the 14 high peaks, only 13 mountaineers have conquered, the first being a Italian. And there were two polands, three South Koreans, two Italian, one Spanish, one American, one English. The American was Edumund Viesturs between 1989 to 2005.

Chinese record was 10 peaks.

The world highest

Building

Shanghai world financial center is said to be the world highest building, after its completion this year. 492 meters, invested and constructed by Japanese companies, it causes much concern after its 7 years’ postponed construction. Its design, like two Japanese bayonets upholding the rising sun, was the focus of criticism, related to Japanese invasion, Nanjing massacre etc.
The current world highest building is 101 tower in Taiwan, 480 meters or 508 meters if with antenna.

The rumored world highest is going to be a Dubai building with projected height over 700 meters, completed next year.

石库门

简易木板房被取缔后，上海租界内开始出现用中国传统的"立帖式"木结构加砖墙承重的方式建造起来的新式住宅。这种住宅比起早期木板房要正规﹑耐久得多。它的平面和空间更接近于江南传统的二层楼的三合院或四合院形式，更适合于中国居民的永久性居住。它虽然无法跟过去传统民居中层层进进﹑庭院深深相比，也无法凿池叠石﹑赏花折柳，但它毕竟还保持着正当中规整的客堂，有楼上安静的内室，还有习惯中常见的两厢，对于那些离开了往日的生活节奏而开始了现代城市生活但多多少少对传统生活还有所眷恋的上海人来说，倒也更加合适。这种住宅还基本保持了中国传统住宅建筑对外较为封闭的特征，虽身居闹市，但关起门来却可以自成一统。于是这"门"也就变得愈加重要起来。它总是有一圈石头的门框，门扇为乌漆实心厚木，上有铜环一副。这种式样的建筑被上海人称为"石库门"。为跟后来的新式石库门住宅相区别，早期所建的石库门住宅又叫做 "老式石库门"。从整体看，一个个"石库门"单元被联排在一起，呈西方联立式住宅的布局方式。一排排石库门住宅之间，形成了一条条"弄堂"。

最早的弄堂住宅大多分布在黄浦江以西、泥城浜（今西藏路）以东、苏州河以南、旧城厢以北，即今黄浦区范围内。如建于1872年，位于北京东路之南、宁波路以北、河南中路之东的兴仁里；位于广东路的公顺里，等等。至20世纪初，仍有大量老式石库门弄堂在建造。如位于浙江中路、厦门路的洪德里；位于汉口路、河南中路的兆福里；位于广西路、云南路和福州路之间的福祥里，等等。

19世纪末20世纪初，受租界内里弄住宅的影响，上海老城厢内外华界内，也开始大量建造起里弄住宅。如建于南市豆市街的棉阳里、敦仁里和吉祥里等。此外，在沪东一带，还出现了另一模拟较简陋的弄堂住宅。这种弄堂平面一般为单开间，高二层，外型类似广东城市的旧式房屋，被称为"广式里弄"。如建于1900年左右的通北路八埭头即为早期广式里弄较为典型的实例。 20世纪以后，上海的房地产经营活动更加高涨。除老牌的沙逊洋行、怡和洋行、等大多将主要业务转向房地产经营外，新的房地产商更是如雨后春笋。如1901 年开设的哈同洋行，1902年开设的美商中国营造公司，1905年开设的比商义品地产公司等，都是当时极有影响的大房地产商。在大量兴起的房地产业刺激下，弄堂住宅空前繁荣，在全市的分布面也大大扩展了。

本世纪10年代，上海的石库门弄堂有了一些变化。弄堂的规模比以前增大了，平面、结构、形式和装饰都和原有的石库门弄堂有所不同。单元占地面积小了，平面更紧凑了，三开间、五开间等传统的平面形式已极少被采用，而代之以大量单开间、双开间的平面。建筑结构也多以砖墙承重代替老式石库门住宅中常用的传统立帖式，墙面多为清水的青砖或红砖，而很少像过去那样用石灰粉刷，石库门本身的装饰性更强了，但中国传统的装饰题材逐渐减少，受西式建筑影响的装饰题材越来越多。这种弄堂被称为"新式石库门里弄"或"后期石库门里弄"。其分布范围也较老式石库门弄堂为广。较典型的例子有淮海中路的宝康里（1914年），南京东路的大庆里（1915年），北京西路的珠联里（1915年），云南中路的老会乐里（1916年），和淮海中路的渔阳里（1918年），等等。

第一次世界大战后，上海的房地产业进入了它的黄金时期。到30年代，上海经营房地产者已在300家以上。日益高涨的房地产业刺激了上海建筑业的繁荣，也带来了弄堂建筑的又一个建筑高潮。整个20年代是新式石库门弄堂最为兴盛的时期。由于地价上扬，建筑向高发展，传统的两层高的石库门住宅开始向三层发展，室内卫生设备也开始出现。此时期新式石库门弄堂如尚贤坊（1934年）、四明村（1928年）、梅兰坊（1930年）、福明村（1931年）等都有相当大的影响。 在新式石库门弄堂大量建造的同时，又从中演变出一种新的弄堂住宅形式─新式里弄。

在新式里弄中，石库门这一住宅形式被淘汰了，封闭的天井变成了开敞或半开敞的绿化庭院。形式上更多地模仿了西方建筑式样而较少采用中国传统建筑式样。各种建筑设备也较为齐全了。其分布也由市区东部向西区发展。新式里弄中较著名者有凡尔登花园（1925年）、霞飞坊（1927年）、静安别墅（1929年）和涌泉坊（1936年）等。
30年代后，新式里弄进一步发展，演变出一类标准更高的花园式里弄住宅。这种住宅由长条式变成了半独立式，注重建筑间的环境绿化，室内布局和外观接近独立式私人住宅，风格多为西班牙或现代式。 如建于1936年的福履新村、1934年的上方花园和1939年的上海新村等。
还有一些花园里弄，不是每家一栋或两家和为一栋，而是和公寓一样，每一层都有一套或几套不同标准的单元，这种花园弄堂又称为"公寓式里弄"。如建于 1934年的新康花园和建于40年代的永嘉新村等。花园式里弄与公寓式里弄，除了整体布局还有些类似于传统弄堂的成片式布局特征外，其建筑单体已很难再视之为弄堂住宅了。

fates of monks during Cultural Revolution

Bigger wild goose pagoda

Before the land reform in 1950s, there were over 40 monks in the temple. But soon most of them had to leave for sake of starvation. As experienced by rich landlords, temples’ former possession of land were taken away by the communist party and then divided among landless farmers, so as to ensure each Chinese should have an equal share of land to work on. Besides, since Buddhism was defined as superstition, temples lost another major income by selling offerings, organizing services and collecting donations.

Soon monks left, including the president of the temple. He was later reduced to make a living by pushing carts on the street to sell coal. Only four stayed since they were orphans originally. Their behaviors at the temple were supervised by official from culture unit. Except on several days a year, when they had important delegates groups from neighboring nations like Japan, Korea, Burma, Cambodia, and Vietnam, monks could not have any religious practices at all, even shaving their heads, meditation.

And out of four monks, three soon left after they were pressed to marry, to nuns according to first arrangements. Only one monk, named Puci, whose name meant ‘general benevolence’ remained. This illiterate monk was responsible for temple cleaning.
After the Cultural Revolution broke out in the autumn of 1966, many temples were attacked by red guards. As embodiment of old cultures, old ideology, old customs and old lifestyle, all to be broken in order to create a new world order by Mao, the majority of 200,000 temples across China were torn down, or turned to other uses like schools, factories or residences.
10 years after, at the end of the revolution, less than 100 remained intact, one of which was this one, Bigger wild goose pagoda temple.

Even through the decade, Puci insisted on wearing Buddhist robe, even though he was forbidden by red guards. He didn’t obey though. So on the courtyard prosecution meeting was held to beat him and humiliate him and forced to confess all his crimes. He was all silent. Even time he was beaten, he would murmur ‘a-mi-to-ba, hail to Buddha’. In the end red guards could do nothing but locked him in his room but refusing to give water and food. Two days later, people heard nothing from the room; however when they opened the door all couldn’t believe their eyes. Puci was meditating calmly. Afterwards, considering him out of mind, the red guards decided to let him go.
Fortunately he was healthy enough to lived through the revolution till 1982 and thus protected the temple with his humble courage.. The new law concerning religious institutions was temples, if with no more monks, would be turned to other purposes.

Among the pagodas, another one was dedicated to Langzhao, bright shine. From the essay on the tome, he was selected once the secretary of China Buddhism Academy, Xi’an city people delegate, and member of political committee for his great support to fledging communist party and new China. But when his temple was mercilessly burned down to ashes by red guards, this head monk could not see through the disaster. That night he killed himself. To ordinary people his death was understandable and even noble one. However, as a Buddhist believer, killing lives, even his own was unforgivable. Meanwhile, his death erased hope for his disciple who killed himself too three days after

上海徒步

时间地点 每周三下午
18：00中山公园（第一集合点，地铁5号出口新宁购物中心门口即中山公园对面(18：00启程,请新人提前10分钟到达);18：50港汇广场（第二集合点，港汇广场正门太平洋百货对面的扶手电梯.
活动领队 中国旅行者论坛猫猫：021－62555152 15900509003
徒步路线
新宁购物中心门口即中山公园对面(18：00启程,请新人提前10分钟到达)－愚园路－江苏路－华山路－徐家汇(集合点2:港汇广场正门太平洋百货对面的扶手电梯18：50)－衡山路－复兴中路－马当路－自忠路－方浜中路－中山东二路－中山东一路外滩(外滩人民英雄纪念塔)－福州路-西藏中路-淮海路-陕西路吴江路－南京西路－静安寺－愚园路－中山公园(终点:中山公园南门)
【路程估计】长宁路－徐家汇:5km, 徒步45分钟, 休息5分钟, 18:00 - 18:50 徐家汇－外滩:10km, 徒步1小时45分钟, 休息5分钟, 18:50 - 20:40 外滩－吴江路:5km，徒步45分钟，FB时间未定，20:40- 21:25 吴江路－中山公园:5km, 徒步45分钟