Sunday, June 03, 2007
阿尼玛卿
我看着白色的云撞击在山口的煨桑台上,飘散成朦胧的雾。然后,有如一朵巨大的、圣洁的白色莲花中最伟岸的几瓣,阿尼玛卿群峰豁然绽放在我的面前。透彻的高原阳光恰在此时自高空洒落,于是它们又化成一丛跳动的白色火焰,燃起一种灼人双目的光芒。当我凝神捕捉这道光芒的来历时,和我同车来的一对藏族父女早已用最虔诚的姿势匍匐在神山脚下。
我从京城用了5天时间才赶到地处黄河源头的青海省果洛藏族自治州玛沁县。在时常暴雪封山的青南(青海南部)冬季,我是大武镇惟一的游客。因为路险难行,司机勉强才答应送我们到东柯曲附近的这处山口远远朝祭一下。
转身离开山口的时候,我看见远处煨桑台上的五彩经幡在雪山的光芒里迅速褪色。良久,我才明白模糊它们的竟是我的泪水。这次匆匆的初逢了却了一段魂牵梦萦的向往,却又埋下了我对阿尼玛卿更深的情愫。
所谓高山仰止,玛卿山首先打动我的是
一段关于他高度的轶闻。
去之前,阿尼玛卿在我心目中即是一座充满传奇色彩的雪山。
人们对于一座山的膜拜往往是因它的高度而始的。古代藏族文献把阿尼玛卿雪山视作大山神,称之为“玛卿本拉”。“玛”是一个古代藏族部落的名称,“卿” 意为博大,“本拉”则是大山。而阿尼玛卿中的“阿尼”在安多藏语里意味着“先祖老翁”,也表示幸福、美丽、博大……人们给了阿尼玛卿各种称谓,都是反反复复去赞颂他的高大。
3000年前《尚书·禹贡》有载,“导河积石,至于龙门”。阿尼玛卿就是积石山,也被称为玛积雪山、玛卿山。它是昆仑山脉中支的最东段,整条山脉呈西北-东南走向,总长约28公里,宽约10公里——在此280平方公里的土地上, 18座5000米以上的雪峰拔地而起。其中,主峰玛卿岗日最为雄伟,由3个海拔分别为6282米(Ⅰ峰)、6254米(Ⅱ峰)、6127米(Ⅲ峰)的峰尖组成。三座高峰几乎呈一字形排列,Ⅰ峰在最北端,中间的是Ⅲ峰,而Ⅱ峰位于比较远的南端。Ⅱ峰虽然比Ⅰ峰低了28米,但山体最为巨大。
这些高程似乎都不是天文数字,然而无论是阿尼玛卿的航拍者,还是常年踏勘山体的冰川学家,都认为他是生命里难得碰到的庞大山峦。如约瑟夫·洛克,他是植物学家、摄影师,在云南、四川、西藏、青海等地都有广泛的考察,为美国《国家地理》提供了多篇稿件。他的游记后来成了小说《消失的地平线》的蓝本,而今中国西南许多地方都希望证明自己就是洛克考察过的“香格里拉”。但是,他在攀登此山的过程中,即曾把阿尼玛卿想象得过于高大。
洛克在早年的笔记中有这样的记述,“1926年,我考察了青海湖南的阿尼玛卿山脉以及黄河的峡谷地区,成为了对黄河和阿尼玛卿山脉的中间地带进行探险的第一位白人”。后来他在为《国家地理》所撰文章中信誓旦旦地说,他当时登临该山的4900米处,而他测算距离顶峰尚有3600米的高程,所以世界最高峰是位于青海东南的阿尼玛卿,其海拔高度为8500米,超过了珠峰!
那个时代的中国西部,横亘在青藏高原上的连绵雪峰,的确是世界地理中难以填补的空白页。阿尼玛卿一时成为了其中迷雾最浓的疑团。仿佛为了附和洛克的谬论,或者阿尼玛卿山神施展了什么魔法,总之,越来越多的登山家和地理学者认可他是世界最高峰。对其确切的高度可谓众说纷纭,或曰8600米,或曰9300 米……更有甚者,1944年,一位美国飞行员驾驶飞机途经阿尼玛卿时紧急报告,“我机飞行高度9000米,前方上空出现有高出我机数百米的山峰”。据载, 1949年美国登山者雷纳德·克拉克曾在阿尼玛卿探险和测量,他测出主峰海拔为9041米,这也超过了珠穆朗玛。之后他写了一本《神秘的阿尼玛卿山》。
1960年6月,北京地质学院登山队11人沿东北坡首次登上了阿尼玛卿Ⅱ峰,这座雪山才撩开了神秘的面纱。但由此引出了一个问题:为什么洛克会对玛卿的高度出现错误的判断?虽然洛克曾经犯过类似的错误,为什么除了他还会有那么多人对阿尼玛卿产生同样的错觉?
思忖中,我凭着臆想,在画布上尝试把他的样子描绘出来。无疑他是一座非常善于袒露威严的山峰,和珠穆朗玛一样,他的山形抛弃了所有的曲折繁复,在纯净的高原蓝的背景里矗立成冰雕玉琢的巨型金字塔,所以显得特别高大……
这次,我到达的大武海拔高度为3700米,和拉萨基本相同。经过东倾沟进入雪山乡,进而溯切木曲西行,即可到达海拔4300米左右的几处高山营地。这是牧民通常的转山起点,也是当年的洛克频频回头凝视阿尼玛卿的地点。从这里直视顶峰,相对高差在2000米左右。大约因为离得特别近,玛卿巨人呈现出陡直壁立的擎天之态——这不像在绒布冰川遥望珠峰,峰顶仿佛伸手可及,以至于有人说,“给我俩馒头就能爬上去”。我忽然明白了,在阿尼玛卿面前,对高度产生错觉其实是非常自然的事。
在登山者看来,热爱一座雪山的最好
方式似乎就是去攀登。对玛卿也不例外。
神秘的高度之争为阿尼玛卿带来了巨大的声名,也让他像一块巨大的磁石吸引着另一批人。
十年前我曾经获赠一张阿尼玛卿的照片,画面上能清楚地看到闪着银光的主峰和主峰下庞大的曲哈尔晓玛冰川。这幅照片给了我极大的震撼,它让我开始有欲望去深刻地了解雪山,并渐渐地爱上了登山。因为,看到照片的同时我读到了一篇登山笔记,名为《阿尼玛卿八昼夜》。至今我仍能背诵那篇文章的首句:“今天,我写下这篇真实的故事,是希望后来的朋友们再次仰望那雄伟的阿尼玛卿雪山时,能够想起一群年轻人在那个夏天做出的努力。”
我经常出入北京一家户外用品商店,并不是简单地逛一逛,而是席地坐下,听店主与往来的熟客神侃,听他们很认真地讨论各种探险计划。其实北京的户外店很多,但《阿尼玛卿八昼夜》的作者、山难的亲历者孙平,就是这家店主之一。他和他的合作伙伴曾用自己的汗水甚至生命去了解雪山,而后为了亲近雪山而选择了这样的生计。许久以来,没有人愿意提及那八个昼夜,但那故事早已被蚀刻进了大山的每个皱褶,是不能忘却的纪念。
1994年的阿尼玛卿用他最严酷的面孔警告了那些敢于挑战自然的年轻生命。“大风从远方的地平线上无拘无束地奔腾而来,刮得我们东倒西歪之后,又向大地尽头奔去,带起漫天的雪粒”。孙平和他的队长、另一个队友攀登阿尼玛卿Ⅱ峰,在登顶后的下撤中遇到暴风雪,次日继续下撤时由于路线难以辨认,结组(用绳索、安全锁等技术装备把几个人连接起来组成一个行进队伍,以期相互保护)在发生滑坠时保护不力,队长汪晓征死于摔伤,队友王军标在独自下山寻求救援时也永远地失踪了。
也许你曾读过《进入空气稀薄地带》,这本小说真实地记录了1996年发生在珠峰的该山有史以来最大的山难:包括新西兰著名高山向导罗布·霍尔在内的15名登山者折戟沉沙。事实上,这和1994年的玛卿山难有着非常类似的情节。
当你选择攀登阿尼玛卿这样庞大、复杂而又险峻的雪山,也就是选择了暴风雪、冰崩、裂缝,与这样一群恶魔共同舞蹈。也许你是人群中最强悍的,但你没有风暴有力;也许你是人群里最聪颖的,但你不能卜测未来;也许你是人群中最勇敢的,但是当你面对战友在面前死去,你会觉得刹那间被滤掉了人生中所有的自信。读了太多的登山故事,也亲历过登山的生死情结,有时候我想说雪山是有神灵的。然而,似乎没有其他的理由,只是因为山在那里,登山者就要出发。山难从来都不能挡住内心充满炽热渴望的生命,或许登山者即生为雪山吧。
玛卿的冰川约为黄河源区冰川的90%,而黄河源区水量能占到黄河的40%以上。
在《格萨尔王》等诸多歌咏阿尼玛卿神性的声音之外,孙平的文章无疑为阿尼玛卿的画卷添上了野性的一笔。
面对各种资料,比照《中国登山指南》细细地琢磨,阿尼玛卿那巨大的、朦胧的白色身影在我的脑海里越来越清晰了。但是好几年了,我都和攀登这座雪山的机会擦身而过。2004年冬天,我和山友邸晋军,忽然得知青海登协将在2006年组织一次 “阿尼玛卿追梦”活动,也就是我们惯常所说的登山节。说实话,我们都更喜欢清静些的雪山。所以,我们立刻开始了2005年5月的玛卿登山计划研究——我们想抢在登山节前面。
幸运的是,那时我突然领受了到青南的公差。为了完成旅游指南的撰写任务,同时为我们的计划探探路——于公于私我都要去玛沁、去大武。更为幸运的是,我看到了玛卿群峰犹如莲花在我面前静静开放;我看到了沉默的曲哈尔晓玛冰川,看到了玛卿脚下冰封的黄河。
黄河在源头的地区还不叫黄河,而叫玛曲。 “曲”是河的意思,而“玛”正是玛卿的“玛”。玛曲在玛卿脚下180度掉头,缠缠绵绵不肯离去……而玛卿袒露的山体上,密布着40多条银龙般的冰川。其中 4条分别发育了西柯曲、东柯曲、格曲、切木曲、曲什安河5条溪流,这些溪流实际上就是黄河上游最主要的水源。
人们常常以为一条河流的源头仅仅对其长度计算有意义,对于长江可能是这样,对于黄河却不然。黄河源区的水量几乎超过了黄河年径流量的50%,而玛卿是黄河源头最大的山。“每个岭国人的口中都有一部格萨尔”,岭国就是黄河源地区。据说,格萨尔是在黄河源为救护生灵而投身下界、赛马为王,他的灵魂就依附在玛卿山上。事实上,阿尼玛卿的冰川占黄河源区冰川总量的90%,这些确凿的数据已充分地说明了这座山对于这条河流的重要意义。
黄河在中下游地区时常被视为一条害河,然而河源地区的黄河依然温婉如玉。阿尼玛卿对于黄河有着母亲般无私的情谊,关于他的冰川退缩,中科院兰州寒旱所许多专家曾经进行过专门的研究。有意思的是,对于企图窥视他的顶峰的登山者而言,随着海拔的升高,阿尼玛卿的冰川犹如一块坚硬的磐石,滴水不融。除非万不得已,登山者不会选择直接食用冰雪——这会对食道造成伤害。当然,攀登一座冰川时,只要背得动足够的燃料,你就不用携带饮用水。但是你能背负的燃料往往难以保证你的饮水量,这也是许多人从雪山下来时体重骤减但几天后又完全恢复的原因——实际上这只是严重脱水。所以,我每次登山前整理装备的时候,脑海里就会忽然浮现出孙平在孤独逃生的《阿尼玛卿八昼夜》里说的那句话——尽管我(守着一座巨大的冰川)脚下都是水,可我还是活得像在沙漠里一样——每当想到这里,我就会再多带20%的燃料。
玛卿岗日只有6000多米,
但是,攀登这座山并非易事。
翻阅玛卿岗日的登山记录,你会发现这3座山峰先后被开辟了6条登山路线。除去前文所述的北京地质大学队对其Ⅱ峰、日本上越队对其Ⅰ峰的首登外,还有武汉地质学院队沿东山脊路线对其Ⅲ峰的首登。Ⅲ峰首登队伍中有如今世界七大峰的登顶者——李致新和王勇峰。那是1984年,他们第一次接触登山。是阿尼玛卿,使他们与雪山结下了终生的缘分。
我曾经读到李致新的回忆:“在离顶峰很近的时候,关于是否登顶,上下有了分歧,一是新手多又没见过这么大的山,二是当时的情况太复杂了……我那时候没有想到自己会和山结一辈子的缘,但当时想,第二次我还要来。”
时隔数月,怀着对这座雪山的无限眷恋,李致新和王勇峰真的又一次作为中日联合登山队的队员回到阿尼玛卿。这次他们的攀登目标是Ⅱ峰,但是神山对他们板起了面孔:“我们正在5800米的地方休息,刚下完大雪,日本人走到前面去了,我们修了很久的路。路线越来越难……突然,只听见“咔嚓’一声,还什么都没看见呢,就听老曾大喊,‘雪崩,保护住!’这时候,雪‘哗’地一下就下来了,接着,第二浪又到了……后来听登顶的队员讲,快接近顶峰的时候,又听见“喀嚓 ’一声,脚下一动,附近又发生雪崩了……”
谁也不能小觑阿尼玛卿。当2005年5月,我的朋友邸晋军去攀登阿尼玛卿Ⅰ峰的时候,直到他打来电话“汇报”还差600米登顶、已安全下撤,我心里沉重的担忧才烟消云散。
他带回了长达9小时的登山录像资料。那是一些没有被剪辑过的零碎片断,几乎记录了他们从准备行程、研究线路,到艰险攀登、断崖遇险,再到与雪山依依惜别的全过程……
整整9个小时,这位曾经与我在高山上挤过同一条睡袋的老战友亲口解说,话语如决了堤的河水一样从未停滞。有时候我会和他讨论,有时候又一起研究他们拍摄的照片。带子放完,我们都长出了一口气,仿佛再一次拥抱了这座雪山。
阿尼玛卿有一张多变的脸,其冰川的活跃从近年来频发的冰崩可见一斑。他复杂的地形,让邸和其他颇有经验的攀登者都发生了路线选择时的偏差。在录像中,玛卿东山脊顶部陡峭的棱线和马卡鲁峰那道著名的刃脊简直一模一样,我看着就不由自主地感觉自己的背部泛着寒气。
阿尼玛卿的气候恶劣早已“臭名昭著”。这里地处大陆气候带,天气一日数变,每年多数时间均被风雪主宰。11月以后的冬季,主峰的最低温度会降至零下 50℃。只有4月底到6月初和9、10月才是比较合适的登山季节。但是,即使在这些日子里,其主峰最低温度依然达零下30℃,每天具体的天气状况也全然是未知数。
邸和他的队伍很幸运,阿尼玛卿给了他们最好的天气周期。他们的主要目标是阿尼玛卿Ⅰ峰;其次,则是考察2004年2月玛卿大冰崩所带来的气候影响和山体变化。
据当地政府调查组现场调查测算,冰崩地点在阿尼玛卿Ⅰ峰6282米高程点西北330度方向的西坡上。这次冰崩形成的冰碛物东西长2.2公里,南北宽 1.5公里,面积约为3.3平方公里,堆积物占压了玛沁县下大武乡5000多亩夏秋草场,清水河、达玛曲河、权隆河被阻断,并由此形成了一个面积达 30000平方米的堰塞湖。虽然冰崩发生在Ⅰ峰西侧,但从多组照片依稀可比照出Ⅰ峰南侧也被大幅度地削尖了……
事实上,这些年全球气候变暖让中国西部许多雪山都发生了巨大的变化。1968年地形图显示阿尼玛卿的雪线高度在5000米,现在已抬升至5200米。雪线上升后失去支撑的冰雪在自身重力影响下,与底部冰雪摩擦力减小,很容易瞬时崩塌,顺斜坡下滑。加之阿尼玛卿庞大复杂的冰川体系和此前受地震的影响,大冰崩的发生其实只是早晚的事。
“难以想象,我认为I峰已是一座崭新的山峰了。其实从1996年开始,已无法查到有关玛卿岗日的任何登顶记录。前往的队伍大都被恶劣的天气和复杂的路线状况拒之门外了。”邸说。玛卿曾经被一些资深登山者评定为中级难度山峰,大致与各拉丹冬和宁金抗沙的难度相当,但是玛卿的复杂多变和“新玛卿”的登山路线图缺乏是摆在他们面前的最大难题。
起初,他们沿着由1981年澳大利亚队开辟出来的东山脊路线攀登。当时一切还算顺利,风和日丽。但事后证明,玛卿用自己的磅礴和复杂跟他们开了一个不大不小的玩笑。当他们历经艰辛,最后在距离顶峰约600米时,眼前突然出现了巨大的断崖。在断定技术装备缺乏、剩余攀登时间不足4小时的情况下,他们凝望顶峰良久,无语准备下撤。
玛卿是真正的雪山、圣洁的神山。神山的高度实际上是由顶礼他的信徒来确定的。
注视录像与照片中嶙峋骨瘦却凌厉无比的雪山细节,我完全能够想象他们的攀登是何等的艰险和坚苦。邸曾经去攀登四川省的雀儿山(海拔6168米),说到那山,他的眉尖都洋溢着赞美。我强令他对比这两座高山。沉吟良久,他慨叹:“雀儿山美啊,也险,可是我知道我能登顶。但是玛卿不敢说,玛卿是真正的雪山!”邸的体力和技术都远远胜过我,我曾在宁金抗沙(海拔7206米)登至7000米高度,但是没有领教到他们此次所遭遇的困难——这些比较有助于我真正准确地估量这座山的高度和攀登的难度。
不久前,我曾去奥地利参加一次世界杯滑雪大赛的采访,同行的记者团中有一位意大利登山爱好者。我们谈起阿尔卑斯近乎完美的登山条件,训练有素的高山向导——你可以在距离顶峰最近的帐篷里喝地道的法国葡萄酒,品尝奶酪火锅;你的向导会眯着眼睛,在你的脚伸向任何一块松动的石头前一秒告诉你,该向左还是向右……那里似乎每座名峰都已经是完全被开垦过的土地。当我礼貌地表示了羡慕之情时,那个意大利人却真诚地说 ,“But only the mountains in your country is the real mountains.”
在我心底,阿尼玛卿山的确是那样一座真正的雪山。其实,没有和邸晋军一起去攀登他,除了当时工作太忙,最根本的原因还是我2004年冬去探路、朝拜时曾经遇到的那对藏族父女。
那次去玛卿,找不到好车,只能坐在摇摇晃晃的中巴里。经过数小时的旅程后,乘客们变得越来越活跃了,大家高声地谈笑,甚至一曲接着一曲地唱了起来。车过山口,整个车厢便突然发出一阵欢快的哄嚷,车窗霎时被打开,藏民们手中会突然变出一沓沓五彩的“隆达”(风马旗),车中的暖流再将这些小纸片倏地送入高空……
热闹的车厢里,坐在我身旁的却是神色黯然、保持缄默的父女两人。他们似乎只会说藏语。油腻腻的棉藏袍和父亲身上挂着的酥油铜勺,告诉我他们来自某个贫寒的牧区。后来,一位年纪很轻、面容和善的喇嘛终于让他们开口说话了。那位喇嘛知道我是去大武旅行,并且想瞻仰玛卿岗日,便告诉我可以和来自黄南州的这父女俩结伴——他们要去玛卿脚下的煨桑台朝祭。女孩的妈妈得了很严重的头疼病,已经放弃了医院的治疗。他们赶在气候这么恶劣的季节前去朝祭,也是想显示他们对于山神的虔诚。不过,如果遇到大雪,他们很难到达煨桑台……
也许是因为听了这父女的辛酸事,也许是天气过于寒冷,车窗外贴着山际线的浮云,更加凝重了。西宁到大武距离470公里,但车子足足颠簸了15个小时。下车前,我已能和那父女做一些简单的交流。原来小女孩能听懂一些汉语,甚至能写几个汉字。晚上我住进了离车站不远的财政宾馆,次日清晨发现自己醒在一个经幡的海洋里。一个简单的小城在冬日阳光的沐浴下显得平和而安宁。
再见到父女俩的时候,他们坐在一辆破旧的吉普车上。司机说这个季节根本无法进山,更别提去100公里外的登山大本营了。我就像做梦一样,被热情地邀上了车,见到了玛卿岗日。想想看,如果不是父女俩,我怕也找不到煨桑台,找不到离城镇这么近能望到主峰的地方了。
这个季节的青海,目力所及之处白山头比比皆是。但是车子在颠簸中转弯的一瞬,我几乎立即认出了他。我无法形容那种心情,不似初见,反如重逢。实际上,阿尼玛卿的雪山之美也许并不在于他的野性,也不在于他的标高。当我一想到他哺育了伟大的黄河,就会血脉贲张。现在,我终于见到了他!
我的眼前,只有那座山和匍匐在地的藏族父女,他们之间仿佛存在着一种联系,我自己倒显得多余。一种复杂的情愫浮上心头,我开始有些羞愧自己竟然想站在那雪峰之上……
煨桑是两个奇妙的字。煨是汉语,表示埋入火中燃烧;桑则是藏语,有烟火的意思。人们把煨桑这种古老的藏族宗教仪式称为烟祭。记得我在四川阿坝登雪宝顶的时候,向导就先引导我们进行了这种煨桑仪式。此时,那父亲不知从哪里变出了一捆青葱的柏枝和很多的酥油、糌粑,还在煨桑炉旁插了五色的风马旗。有一刻太阳像是被捏熄的蜡烛泯入云中,风霎时变得寒冷。但是一阵念诵词过后,太阳出来了,蒸腾的烟雾与香气也直冲天际,从他的脸上也看到了阳光一样温暖的笑容。
我突然明白了:在他们的心目中,眼前的阿尼玛卿是格萨尔王的战神山,有无穷的勇气与力量来对抗民间的疾苦与灾难;同时,即使再美丽的雪山,再伟大的山神,失去了信仰他的子民也是苍白的。
临别时,司机告诉了我那位父亲一直嗫嚅着但我没有听懂的几句话。原来,在他们的家乡,雪山的极顶是极神圣干净的所在,凡人的踏触会带来巨大的灾难。
也许我还会去登我爱上的任何一座雪山,可是我突然觉得,那不会是阿尼玛卿。我不得不承认,那对与我在同一只木碗里捏过糌粑的藏族父女,多少改变了我对雪山的看法,至少改变了我对这座山的看法。想起秦观的“放花无语”,是了,我只能将阿尼玛卿放在任何人都无法碰触的心底。
7、8月间,从青海果洛藏族自治州的玛沁县北行,进入距离玛卿岗日最近的居民点:雪山乡;再从雪山乡溯切木曲而上,不久,烂漫春色中,一列耀眼的雪峰扑面而来,那就是阿尼玛卿,其中最陡峭、突出的尖峰即为玛卿岗日Ⅰ峰。
山路拐了一个弯之后,离玛卿岗日更近了,雪峰却忽然消失了。淙淙的溪流好像从天际线上直接倾泻而下。良久,目光的尽头,洁白的山峰才渐渐崭露头角。这条小溪是黄河源区支流切木曲的上游,发源于玛卿岗日下的曲哈尔晓玛冰川。
曲哈尔晓玛冰川之下,海拔4260米的平坦之处,是传统的阿尼玛卿山登山大本营。摄影师邸晋军参加的2005年5月玛卿岗日Ⅰ峰登山队也把大本营设在了此处。这里还是玛卿山绝佳的观景台:绵延的雪峰在营地西侧拔地而起,旗云在玛卿巨人的头顶不停地翻转。
可能是因为负重太多,虽然从大本营向玛卿岗日峰开拔的前一个小时路况尚好、爬升缓慢,大家还是觉得有些累,随时都想停下来休息。还好,不远处在云中若隐若现的峻峭雪峰又诱惑着大家站起来继续前行。图中的进山路位于玛卿岗日Ⅰ峰的东山脊脚下,画面左侧露出一点儿尖角的应为Ⅱ峰。
沿着一条碎石路上升前往C1(第一个前进营地),海拔到4700米时,前面突然出现了一个大雪槽。没有别的办法了,在这里只能结组行军,并不得不“损失”高度了。从那一刻起,摆在他们面前的上升路可谓危机四伏。他们结成了一条绳子上的“蚂蚱”,在后来的攀登过程中几乎再也没有分开过。
在从C1到C2(第二个前进营地)的路上,这支队伍遇到的最后一个困难是一大段可能需要攀岩的陡坡。上陡坡之前,他们稍事休整,回望来时路,最唏嘘的无异于“望山跑死马”:两天前从大本营出发不久时路过的那条小山沟依然历历在目!
在艰难地攀登图中这个从C2到C3(第三个前进营地)必经的刃脊(海拔5400米)之前,他们已经爬过了数不清的刃脊,同时总是满怀希望地想:登上这条山脊,上面就是登山资料上描述的那条宽阔、平坦的顶峰通途了!
登上那个近70度的刃脊陡坡之后,他们情不自禁地激动了一下。这条山脊虽然不像资料上描述的那么好走,但是,路线非常清晰,似乎顺着山脊往上走、再往左拐,只要一两个小时就可以登顶。一番冲动之后,他们才开始分析不远处那段山脊上明晃晃的亮冰面是否危险。后来发现,真正无法逾越的障碍还不是亮冰面,而是一段高达100米的直上直下的断崖。
路绳在前几个危险点已经留下了好几段,食品和燃料也不足以支持额外的、难以确定的攀登时间了。他们只好在断崖前扎下C3。第二天清晨,碧空如洗,顶峰看起来不再峥嵘、可怖。他们还是无语下撤,只留下了一串深深的脚印……
“对面能见到的那座山,它是牧区的玛卿山,心愿在那里如意实现”。在藏传佛教的信徒眼中,玛卿山是最神圣的四大神山之一,能够帮助他们实现心愿。转山是他们对神山的顶礼。徒步转阿尼玛卿山一周,约需七八天;如此一路长叩,则至少需要20天。
Saturday, June 02, 2007
yu yuan
豫园始建于明嘉靖三十八年(1559 年),园主潘允端,曾任四川 布政使,为“愉悦老亲”而造园,故名豫园。经过二十余年营建方臻完善,当时占地70余亩,规模宏伟,精美绝伦,为东南名园之冠。明末 清,潘家日趋衰落,园林也日渐荒芜,后来,豫园数易其主,园林分 割,景点破坏。第一次鸦片战争中,英军强占豫园,大肆蹂躏,致使“园亭风光如洗,泉石无色”。咸丰三年(1853年),上海小刀会起义,在豫园点春堂设城北指挥部。起义失败后,清兵在城内烧杀劫掠,豫园遭严重破坏,点春堂、桂花厅等建筑付之一。咸丰十年(1860年),太平军进军上海,清政府勾结英法侵略军,把豫园作为驻扎外兵场所,在园中掘石填池,建造西式兵营,园景面目全非。至清同治年间,始又重加修葺。清光绪元年(1875 年)后,豫园被豆米业、布业等二十多个工商行业建为公所。民国时期,豫园又成为庙园和庙市。“八·一三”淞沪抗战时,豫园香雪堂被日军所焚。至解放前夕,豫园楼堂亭阁损毁破旧,假山倾坍,池水污浊,树木枯萎,园景湮。
上海解放后,党和政府十分重视文物古迹保护工作。首次对豫园的大规模修复工程始于1956年,历时五年,修复重建了被毁的点春堂、萃秀堂、藏宝楼、龙墙等古建筑;修整道路,疏浚开挖池塘,堆砌假山,栽植树木花草,使豫园恢复了秀丽的容貌。1959年,上海市人民政府批准豫园为市级文物保护单位。1961年9月,豫园正式对外开放,成为中外人士喜爱的参观游览场所。在粉碎“四人帮”后,党和政府又对豫园进行了几次较大规模的修复工程。1982年全部拆卸并按原样修复了出现险情的大假山前的螺丝洞假山和万花楼前花墙。同年2月,国务院批准豫园为全国文物保护单位。1986年,投资600万元,对豫园先后进行了三期修建工程。第一期和第二期工程主要是修建豫园东部与内园连接处的园景,由同济大学著名古园林专家陈从周教授主持设计和指导。第三期是修建古戏台。于1987年动工,将“文革”中从钱业会馆搬来的古戏台在内园南部重建,使这座古戏台重放光华。
今日的豫园有大小景点48处,昔日佳景大都恢复,古老豫园重展当年风采,亭台楼阁、厅堂廊舫、曲桥水榭、假山奇石、池塘龙墙、古树名花参差错落、掩映有致,以清幽秀丽、玲珑剔透见长,富有诗情画意。豫园设计精巧,布局疏密得当,体现了江南园林小中见大的造园技巧。可谓集明清两代古园林艺术精华之大成。
感觉豫园非常好。江南特色,中国文人的精致小巧体现得淋漓尽致,参考书上的园林讲解,哪里有这一次游玩来得直接?门票30,还算可以接受。
Saturday, May 12, 2007
Monastery and Dratsang
The level above the `khangchen' is the `dratsang' or school (it is more fashionable to call it `University'). Usually formed by several `khangchens', each `dratsang' is run more or less independently. Resembling a monastery within a monastery, each has its own prayer hall, library and monks, and possesses its own land, pastures and housing. However, `dratsangs' differ from each other in size and wealth. Some of them are so small that they have no `khangchen' under them. Some `dratsangs' are schools of exoteric Buddhism, and some of esoteric or tantric Buddhism. One of the smallest `dratsangs' is `Kala (time) Wheel' `dratsang' which offer courses in astronomy and the making of the calendar. It usually takes students from tulku/living Buddha and retired or acting `khenpos', and enjoys a much higher status than any other `dratsang'.
Each `dratsang' is headed by a `khenpo'. Appointed by the local Tibetan government or its `superior monastery' (see below), the `khenpo' must be an eminent monk scholar holding the degree of `geshi'. A `khenpo' serves three-year (or six year) term of office as the chief administrator and the religious and financial officer of a `dratsang'. Under `khenpo', the chief official is the `lhazang chanzod' who. with his assistants, manages the `dratsang's' assets, liaison, and the reception of alms-givers. A `gesko', commonly known as the iron-club lama, is responsible for maintaining the monastic discipline, meting out punishment to offenders and resolving disputes among monks. In Lhasa, the `geskos' from the three great monasteries will take over the city during the `Great Prayer's Festival (smom lam)'. These officers and the `budsad' who leads the chanting of sutras, and the `shunglapa' who is in charge of monastic study, debates, and degree-qualifying examinations form the hierarchy of the `dratsang'.
At the top of the pyramid a group called the `laji' oversees the entire monastery. This committee includes all `dratsang khenpos' and is presided over by the Abbot. Under the `laji' are several monk officials who manage the monastery's manors, property (for instance, Sera Monastery owns three counties nearby, and the huge land of Mongolian 39 tribes in the Northern Tibet which in 1914 after the collapse of Qing Dynasty are conquered by the Tibet government with two brigade soldiers) and financial affairs. At this level there are also several iron-club lamas in charge of discipline throughout the monastery and another `budsad' who leads sutra chanting at plenary assemblies.
Monday, April 30, 2007
My Notebook
The World's 14 Highest Mountain Peaks (above 8,000 meters)
See Named Summits in the U.S. Over 14,000 Feet Above Sea Level for U.S. Peaks.
See also Climbing the World's 14 8,000-meter Peaks, The Seven Summits, Mortals on Mount Olympus: A History of Climbing Everest, and the Everest Almanac.
All 14 of the world's 8,000-meter peaks are located in the Himalaya or the Karakoram ranges in Asia. According to Everestnews.com, only 13 climbers have reached the summits of all 14: Reinhold Messner (Italy) was first, followed by Jerzy Kukuczka (Poland), Ehardt Loretan (Switzerland), Carlos Carsolio (Mexico), Krzysztof Wielicki (Poland), Juan Oiarzabal (Spain), Sergio Martini (Italy), Park Young Seok (Korea), Hang-Gil Um (Korea), Alberto Inurrategui (Spain), Han Wang Yong (Korea), Ed Viesturs (U.S.), and Alan Hinkes (British).
| Mountain | Location | Height | First to summit (nationality) | Date | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Meters | Feet | ||||
| 1. Everest1 | Nepal/Tibet | 8,850 | 29,035 | Edmund Hillary (New Zealander, UK), Tenzing Norgay (Nepalese) | May 29, 1953 |
| 2. K2 (Godwin Austen) | Pakistan/China | 8,611 | 28,250 | A. Compagnoni, L. Lacedelli (Italian) | July 31, 1954 |
| 3. Kangchenjunga | Nepal/India | 8,586 | 28,169 | G. Band, J. Brown, N. Hardie, S. Streather (UK) | May 25, 1955 |
| 4. Lhotse | Nepal/Tibet | 8,516 | 27,940 | F. Luchsinger, E. Reiss (Swiss) | May 18, 1956 |
| 5. Makalu | Nepal/Tibet | 8,463 | 27,766 | J. Couzy, L. Terray, J. Franco, G. Magnone-Gialtsen, J. Bouier, S. Coupé, P. Leroux, A. Vialatte (French) | May 15, 1955 |
| 6. Cho Oyu | Nepal/Tibet | 8,201 | 26,906 | H. Tichy, S. Jöchler (Austrian), Pasang Dawa Lama (Nepalese) | Oct. 19, 1954 |
| 7. Dhaulagiri | Nepal | 8,167 | 26,795 | A. Schelbert, E. Forrer, K. Diemberger, P. Diener (Swiss), Nyima Dorji, Nawang Dorji (Nepalese) | May 13, 1960 |
| 8. Manaslu | Nepal | 8,163 | 26,781 | T. Imamishi, K. Kato, M. Higeta, (Japanese) G. Norbu (Nepalese) | May 9, 1956 |
| 9. Nanga Parbat | Pakistan | 8,125 | 26,660 | Hermann Buhl (Austrian) | July 3, 1953 |
| 10. Annapurna | Nepal | 8,091 | 26,545 | M. Herzog, L. Lachenal (French) | June 3, 1950 |
| 11. Gasherbrum I | Pakistan/China | 8,068 | 26,470 | P. K. Schoeing, A. J. Kauffman | July 4, 1958 |
| 12. Broad Peak | Pakistan/China | 8,047 | 26,400 | M. Schmuck, F. Wintersteller, K. Diemberger, H. Buhl (Austrian) | June 9, 1957 |
| 13. Gasherbrum II | Pakistan/China | 8,035 | 26,360 | F. Moravec, S. Larch, H. Willenpart (Austrian) | July 7, 1956 |
| 14. Shisha Pangma | Tibet | 8,013 | 26,289 | Hsu Ching and team of 9 (Chinese) | May 2, 1964 |
念青唐古拉山,藏语意为“灵应草原神”,位于拉萨以北100公里处,屹立在西藏高原中部,自西向东约600公里,它是雅鲁藏布江和怒江两条大水系的分水岭,同时将西藏自治区分为藏北、藏南、藏东南三大地域。山顶最高处海拔7117米,终年白雪皑皑,云雾缭绕,雷电交加,神秘莫测。山势笔直,险要壮观。主峰顶部形似鹰嘴,多断岩峭壁。白天云雾缭绕,常年为冰雪覆盖。它有三条主要山脊:西山脊、东山脊和南山脊。北坡附近,主要以横向的山谷冰川和悬冰川为主,悬冰川冰舌末端往往高达5700米。念青唐古拉山在宗教上是全藏著名的护法神,也是北部草原众神山的主神。本教和佛教信徒都敬奉此山。念青唐古拉山和纳木错是西藏最引人注目的神山圣湖,成为世界屋脊上最大的宗教圣地和旅游景观。
A multitude of enormous mountain ranges stretch on the Plateau including the Himalayas in the southwest, the Kunlun Mountains in the north, the Karakorum Mountains in the northwest, the Hengduan Mountains in the southeast, and the Danggula Mountains, the Gandise Mountains as well as the Nyainqentanglha Mountains in the middle. These towering mountain ranges form the geomorphologic framework of Tibet and are the development center of both ancient and modern glaciers. Glaciers are widely dispersed over mountains that are over 5,000 meters high and covered with snow all the year round, which is a grand spectacle. Besides many secondary mountain chains, between these above-mentioned lofty mountain systems are mainly basins, highlands and wide ravines such as the North Tibet Plateau and the South Tibet Valley in the south. The deeply-cut Hengduan Mountains in the southeast with parallel hills and gorges running hem north to south are the transitional region from the Plateau to the Sichuan Basin and Yunnan-Guizhou Highland.
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| The Himalayas Mountain System Stretching on the southern margin of Tibet Autonomous Region in China, the towering Himalayas mountain range, which is about 2,400 kilometers long and 200 to 300 kilometers wide and whose elevation averages 6,200 meters, is the highest and youngest mountain system on the earth. The word "Himalayas" comes from Sanskrit with "Hima" meaning snow and "Layas" meaning residence or hometown. Thus its original meaning is the hometown of snow. Stretching roughly from east to west, the mountain chain looks like an arc curving southward, with Mt. Kangchenjunga at 8,585 meters as the salient. Geologically speaking, the existence of the Himalayas has an extremely significant influence on the geomorphologic contour of the whole Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and even of Asia.
The Himalayas mountain system comprising many parallel mountain chains is divided into the Greater Himalayas, Lesser Himalayas and foothills from north to south. As the main body of the entire mountain system, the Greater Himalayas that is 50 to 90 kilometers wide is mainly located at the boundary between China and its southern neighboring countries. The Greater Himalayas is habitually divided into three parts: the east Himalayas between Namjagbarwa and Chomolhali Peak in Yadong, middle Himalayas between Chomolhali and Namonanyi peaks (in Burang), and west Himalayas between Namonanyi and Namgyia Palbate peaks in the west. Snow-capped mountains stand in great numbers on the middle Himalayas that is the highest part of the whole Himalayas mountain system. There are more than 40 mountains over 7,000 meters high and many mountain peaks over 8,000 meters high including Mt. Qomolangmo (8,848 meters), Lozi Peak (8,5l6 meters), Markalu Peak (8,463 meters), Qowowuyag Peak (8,20l meters) and Xixiabangma (8,0l2 meters), all of which are at or within China's boundary.
The dissymmetrical topography of the Himalayas mountain system from north to south is mainly caused by the rising southern side of the Himalayas during the course of the drastic uplift of the Plateau. On the sheer southern side of the Himalayas mountain system a majestic slope has been formed from the mountain downward to the Gangetic Plain with a sharp drop of around 6,000 meters. Due to abundant rainfall as well as the consequent strong erosion of the torrents, many deeply cut gorges are usually formed in the trunk stream. In most cases, valleys of branches with weak downward erosion take the form of hanging valleys halfway up the mountain with a drop of tens of meters. Spectacular waterfalls or cascades can be seen in these hanging valleys. The northern side of the Himalayas mountain system is relatively smooth, descending as stairs to the highlands and lake basins at the foot of the mountain range with a drop of only 1,500 meters or so. Accumulative topography is developed in broad and level valleys formed by streams with weak erosion on the northern side of the mountain system where rainfall is little and the erosive datum plane is quite high. Conditioned by the geological structure, the Himalayas mountain chain is transversely cut by many rivers rising on the northern side, shaping up deep and great canyons in which rushing currents are like waterfalls. Both the well-known Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon at the eastern end of the Himalayas mountain range and the Xiangquan Ravine in the upper reaches of the Indus River are good examples.
The Gandise-Nyainqentanglha Mountain System The Gandise-Nyainqentanglha mountain system between the Shiquan River in the west and the Boshula range in the Hengduan mountainous area in the east looks like an arc chain stretching continuously from east to west, which is about l, 600 kilometers long and 80 kilometers wide from north to south. Its elevation averages 5,800 to 6000 meters. The two ends of this mountain chain are relatively high with the middle sector more or less low The southern side is very precipitous with a relative altitude of around 2,000 meters, while the terrain on the northern side is quite level with a relative altitude of l,000 meters or so.
The word "Gandise" stems from Tibetan and Sanskrit, meaning "snowy mountain." The Gandise-Nyainqentanglha mountain system is marked by widely distributed extremely high mountains. Except for Norbogangri (7,095 meters), Kangrinboqe (6,638 meters) - the highest peak of the Gandise Mountains, and Mt. Nyainqentanglha (7, 162 meters) – the highest peak of the Nyainqentanglha Mountains, there are not many mountain peaks with elevations of over 6,500 meters here. Nevertheless, as far as the whole mountain body is concerned, the topography comprising large numbers of mountains over 5,500 meters high looks more complete than that of the Himalayas. This is related to its location in the interior of the Plateau. In other words, the Gandise-Nyainqentanglha is a colossal mountain system in the world where extremely high mountains are relatively concentrated. Located in the middle and south of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Gandise-Nyainqentanglha mountain system is an important geographical boundary. Its main body is the watershed between the inland rivers and outflowing rivers on the Plateau. On the southern side of the mountain system are the Shiquan River in the upper reaches of the Indus River and the Yarlung Zangbo river system. Most streams on the northern side that are much smaller in terms of their development empty into the lakes on the North Tibet Plateau.
There is snow-covering over large areas in the eastern sector of the Nyainqentanglha Mountains - one of the developmental centers of modern glaciers on the Plateau-where the longest modem marine glacier in China lies. Modern glaciers on the Gandise Mountains in the west are poorly developed, such as the glacier on Kangrinboqe that is only 4,000 meters long.
The Karakorum-Danggula Mountain System The Karakorum-Danggula mountain system comprising many parallel mountain ranges extends from east to west. Its altitude averages 5,000 to 6,000 meters. The Karakorum Mountains are part of the so-called Congling Range described in ancient Chinese books. There are three mountains with elevations of over 8,000 meters here, including the famous world's second highest peak-Mt. Chogori (i.e. Mt. Godwin Austen, 8,611 meters high), all of which stand at China's boundary The relatively complete western body of the Karakorum Mountains with ample rainfall is one of the distribution centers of modem glaciers on the Plateau where glaciation is very well developed. The eastern mountain body with gentle slopes is somewhat broken. Both the scope and the intensity of glaciation are much smaller here. The Danggula Mountains that are l60 kilometers wide from north to south are composed of many broad mountains. The Greater Danggula Mountains, the main body, stand lofty and steep with cone-shaped peaks. Mt. Geladaindong, the highest peak with an elevation of 6,62l meters, is the source of the Yangtze River. The Danggula Mountains are also the watershed between the Yangtze and Nujiang River (or Salween River). The total area of modem glaciers in the entire mountain range reaches 2,082 km2.
The Kunlun Mountain System The endless Kunlun mountain chain meandering between the Pamirs in the west and northwest Sichuan in the east is the boundary mountain between Tibet Autonomous Region and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, which is 2,500 kilometers long. Due to its colossal height and length, the Kunlun Mountains traversing Central Asia have long been known as the "Backbone of Asia." The western Kunlun mountainous region that is l50 kilometers wide and with an average altitude of some 6,000 meters is higher than the Tarim Basin by 4,000 to 5,000 meters. Cut by tributaries of the Tarim River, valleys in the western Kunlun mountainous region usually take the form of gorges, while wide ravines and basins parallel to the mountain ranges are situated up stream. The western Kunlun Mountains with ample rainfall are called the "Wet Island in the Desert." Main peaks include Mt. Gonggar (7,7l9 meters), Mt. Muztagata (7,546 meters) and Mt Muz (6,638 meters) where modern glaciers are developed. Melting glacial water converges into rivers, which are the precious source of water supply to oases in the Tarim Basin. Stretches of woods can be seen around the gorges whose elevations are from 3,200 to 3,700 meters. Glaciation is diminishing eastward markedly while glacial fringe topography is becoming widespread.
The eastern Kunlun Mountains are beyond Tibet Autonomous Region. Following the southern margin of the Qaidam Basin and then turning southeast, the eastern Kunlun Mountains are divided from north to south into three branches. The northern branch is composed of the Qimantage Mountains; the middle branch comprises Alge Mountains that extend eastward into Bokarlaiketage, Bolhanboda and Nganimaqen Mountains (i.e. Stone Piling Mountains); the southern branch includes the Hoh Xil and Bayankela Mountains. Maqengangri Peak, the highest peak of the Nganimaqen, rises 6,289 meters above sea level. Mozetage, the highest peak of the eastern Kunlun mountain range, is 6,973 meters high. The word "Bayankela" stems from Mongolian, meaning "green and gorgeous mountains." It is translated as "Mobilichiba" in Tibetan, meaning "the boundary between the Yellow River and the Tongtian River."
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lthough golf has been played for centuries throughout the world, the sport is still relatively new in China. China’s first golf club was established in 1984 and over the past 23 years, has expanded into over 300 golf courses and millions of people who now play the game. As China’s development continues to expand in the 21st century, golf’s popularity will increase as more and more Chinese begin to play a game that was once reserved only for society’s elite.
Nowhere is the popularity of golf more evident than in China’s largest city, Shanghai. With over 25 golf courses and numerous driving ranges, Shanghai has become one of China’s leading destinations to enjoy the game. The international golf scene in Shanghai has exploded in recent years and now hosts a variety of international golf tournaments bringing the best players in the world to Shanghai. The annual HSBC Champions and BMW Asian Open are two of Asia’s largest tournaments and are conducted annually in Shanghai.
Saturday, April 21, 2007
8000 meters
Why 8000 meters?
In 1875 two Italian rode hot air balloon and when it rose to 8000 meters high, one of them got killed for lack of oxygen. For the level of oxygen will reduce to only 1/3 of sea level, this is the reason why 8000 is defined the line of death.
Mt. Everest’s new height is 8844.43. It was first climbed by New Zealand Sir Hilary.
K2, the second highest, was named so by British map maker in 1856 on the summits of Karakoram ranges in formerly British India. Now lying on the border between China and Pakistan, it remains one of the most difficult for climbers with it ratio of death as high as 30, only next to Annapurna in Nepal with its ratio 51%.
For all the 14 high peaks, only 13 mountaineers have conquered, the first being a Italian. And there were two polands, three South Koreans, two Italian, one Spanish, one American, one English. The American was Edumund Viesturs between 1989 to 2005.
Chinese record was 10 peaks.
The world highest
Shanghai world financial center is said to be the world highest building, after its completion this year. 492 meters, invested and constructed by Japanese companies, it causes much concern after its 7 years’ postponed construction. Its design, like two Japanese bayonets upholding the rising sun, was the focus of criticism, related to Japanese invasion, Nanjing massacre etc.
The current world highest building is 101 tower in Taiwan, 480 meters or 508 meters if with antenna.
The rumored world highest is going to be a Dubai building with projected height over 700 meters, completed next year.
Friday, April 20, 2007
石库门
最早的弄堂住宅大多分布在黄浦江以西、泥城浜(今西藏路)以东、苏州河以南、旧城厢以北,即今黄浦区范围内。如建于1872年,位于北京东路之南、宁波路以北、河南中路之东的兴仁里;位于广东路的公顺里,等等。至20世纪初,仍有大量老式石库门弄堂在建造。如位于浙江中路、厦门路的洪德里;位于汉口路、河南中路的兆福里;位于广西路、云南路和福州路之间的福祥里,等等。
19世纪末20世纪初,受租界内里弄住宅的影响,上海老城厢内外华界内,也开始大量建造起里弄住宅。如建于南市豆市街的棉阳里、敦仁里和吉祥里等。此外,在沪东一带,还出现了另一模拟较简陋的弄堂住宅。这种弄堂平面一般为单开间,高二层,外型类似广东城市的旧式房屋,被称为"广式里弄"。如建于1900年左右的通北路八埭头即为早期广式里弄较为典型的实例。 20世纪以后,上海的房地产经营活动更加高涨。除老牌的沙逊洋行、怡和洋行、等大多将主要业务转向房地产经营外,新的房地产商更是如雨后春笋。如1901 年开设的哈同洋行,1902年开设的美商中国营造公司,1905年开设的比商义品地产公司等,都是当时极有影响的大房地产商。在大量兴起的房地产业刺激下,弄堂住宅空前繁荣,在全市的分布面也大大扩展了。
本世纪10年代,上海的石库门弄堂有了一些变化。弄堂的规模比以前增大了,平面、结构、形式和装饰都和原有的石库门弄堂有所不同。单元占地面积小了,平面更紧凑了,三开间、五开间等传统的平面形式已极少被采用,而代之以大量单开间、双开间的平面。建筑结构也多以砖墙承重代替老式石库门住宅中常用的传统立帖式,墙面多为清水的青砖或红砖,而很少像过去那样用石灰粉刷,石库门本身的装饰性更强了,但中国传统的装饰题材逐渐减少,受西式建筑影响的装饰题材越来越多。这种弄堂被称为"新式石库门里弄"或"后期石库门里弄"。其分布范围也较老式石库门弄堂为广。较典型的例子有淮海中路的宝康里(1914年),南京东路的大庆里(1915年),北京西路的珠联里(1915年),云南中路的老会乐里(1916年),和淮海中路的渔阳里(1918年),等等。
第一次世界大战后,上海的房地产业进入了它的黄金时期。到30年代,上海经营房地产者已在300家以上。日益高涨的房地产业刺激了上海建筑业的繁荣,也带来了弄堂建筑的又一个建筑高潮。整个20年代是新式石库门弄堂最为兴盛的时期。由于地价上扬,建筑向高发展,传统的两层高的石库门住宅开始向三层发展,室内卫生设备也开始出现。此时期新式石库门弄堂如尚贤坊(1934年)、四明村(1928年)、梅兰坊(1930年)、福明村(1931年)等都有相当大的影响。 在新式石库门弄堂大量建造的同时,又从中演变出一种新的弄堂住宅形式─新式里弄。
在新式里弄中,石库门这一住宅形式被淘汰了,封闭的天井变成了开敞或半开敞的绿化庭院。形式上更多地模仿了西方建筑式样而较少采用中国传统建筑式样。各种建筑设备也较为齐全了。其分布也由市区东部向西区发展。新式里弄中较著名者有凡尔登花园(1925年)、霞飞坊(1927年)、静安别墅(1929年)和涌泉坊(1936年)等。
30年代后,新式里弄进一步发展,演变出一类标准更高的花园式里弄住宅。这种住宅由长条式变成了半独立式,注重建筑间的环境绿化,室内布局和外观接近独立式私人住宅,风格多为西班牙或现代式。 如建于1936年的福履新村、1934年的上方花园和1939年的上海新村等。
还有一些花园里弄,不是每家一栋或两家和为一栋,而是和公寓一样,每一层都有一套或几套不同标准的单元,这种花园弄堂又称为"公寓式里弄"。如建于 1934年的新康花园和建于40年代的永嘉新村等。花园式里弄与公寓式里弄,除了整体布局还有些类似于传统弄堂的成片式布局特征外,其建筑单体已很难再视之为弄堂住宅了。